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Pokolbin, New South Wales
Pokolbin is a rural locality in the Hunter Region of New South Wales Australia.〔 It is part of the Singleton Council local government area and the city of Cessnock.〔〔 The area is the centre of the Lower Hunter Valley wine region. Pokolbin lies within the Hunter Valley Important Bird Area.〔BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hunter Valley. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2011-07-11.〕
==History==
The Darkinjung people (specifically the Wonarua tribe) originally inhabited the Pokolbin area for more than 3000 years. They were the major inhabitants at the time of European contact. This contact was disastrous for the Darkinjung people. Many were murdered or died as a result of European diseases. Others were forced onto neighbouring tribal territory and killed. Many lost the will to live and occupied shanty ghettos on the edge of white settlements. Settler pressure on land also constricted traditional tribal and clannish domains, often leading to tribal fighting.
Viticulture in the Hunter Valley is often considered to have commenced with James Busby. In the 1820s he studied oenology, wrote a treatise and guidance manual on the subject and briefly taught viticulture at a Liverpool farm school. In 1831 he undertook a tour of French and Spanish vineyards which resulted in two published journals of the trip.〔http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Pokolbin/2005/02/17/1108500198424.html〕 He returned with 570 cuttings of which 363 survived carefully wrapped in moss, sand and soil. 〔http://www.winecompanion.com.au/wines/1001-wines-under-20/james-busbys-vinous-ark〕Half went to the newly established Royal Botanical Gardens in Sydney. The rest he took with him to the family estate of Kirkton, just north of Belford on the Hunter river run by his brother-in-law William Kelman. Also in 1828 George Wyndam planted vines at his Dalwood estate with the first shiraz being planted there in 1830.〔http://www.wyndhamestate.com/Our-Story/History〕 The Drayton family established a vineyard at Pokolbin around the late 1850s and the Tyrrells Estate was set up in 1859 with Frederick Wilkinson planting vines at Oakdale in 1866. After the Robertson Land Act was introduced in 1861 the way was opened for small landholders and more people began to settle in the Rothbury/Pokolbin area.〔http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Pokolbin/2005/02/17/1108500198424.html〕 The main farming activities were wheat, tobacco, dairy and grapes. By the 1930s the area was known for producing quality wines.
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